KOKOK PUTIH MINI HYDROELECTRIC
PROJECTS
DAM
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​Major use of dams is power generation as hydroelectric power is one of the world’s major sources of electricity. Hydropower is generated when the potential energy of the water on the dam drives a water turbine which in then turns a generator and creates electricity. To best make use of the water’s power, a common type of hydroelectric dam uses reservoirs with different levels to adjust the amount of energy generated as it is needed. When demand is low for instance, water is held in an upper reservoir and as demand increases, the water is released into a lower reservoir where it spins a turbine.
Some other important uses of dams and reservoirs include a stabilization of water flow and irrigation, flood prevention, water diversion and recreation.
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SPILLWAY
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Passage for surplus water over or around a dam when the reservoir itself is full. Spillways are particularly important safety features for earth dams, protecting the dam and its foundation from erosion. They may lead over the dam or a portion of it or along a channel around the dam or a conduit through it.
SETTLING BASIN
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The water drawn from the river and fed to the turbine will usually carry a suspension of small particles. This sediment will be composed of hard abrasive materials such as sand which can cause expensive damage and rapid wear to turbine runners. To remove this material the water flow must be slowed down in settling basins so that the silt particles will settle on the basin floor. The deposit formed is then periodically flushed away.
From the size of the smallest particle allowed into the penstock the maximum speed of the water in the settling basin can be calculated as the slower the water flows the lower the carrying capacity of the water for particles. The water speed in the settling basin can be slowed down by increasing the cross section area of the channel. For each maximum size of the particles the optimum size of the settling tank can be calculated.
HEADRACE
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The headrace is a waterway running parallel to the water source. A headrace is sometimes necessary for hydropower systems when insufficient head is provided. They often are constructed of cement or masonry. The headrace leads to the forebay, which also is made of concrete or masonry. It functions as a settling pond for large debris which would otherwise flow into the system and damage the turbine.
FOREBAY
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Forebay serves as regulating reservoir storing water temporarily during the light load period and providing the water for initial increase of the load during which water in the canal is being accelerated. In simple words Forebay may be considered as enlarged body of water just above the intake to store water temporarily to meet the hourly load fluctuation. When the hrdroelectric plants are located just at the base of the dam, no forebay is required because the reservoir itself serves the purpose of forebay. However, where the plants are situated away from the storage reservoir forebay is provided.
PENSTOCKS
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​It is the closed conduit or pipe which connects the forebay or surge tank to the scroll case of the turbine. Penstocks are built of steel or reinforced concrete. The thickness of the penstock must be adequate to withstand both the normal hydrostatic pressure and also sudden surges both above and below normal caused by fluctuations in the load and in emergency conditions.
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
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This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, plus vertical suspender cables that carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without falsework.
POWERHOUSE
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The powerhouse is simply a building that houses a turbine, generator and controls. Proper design significantly affects system efficiency, however, especially with regard to how the water enters and exits your turbine.